Physical Activity Participation of Persons Deprived of Liberty in Santiago City District Jail, Philippines

Background : Physical activity in prison systems worldwide has been ignored for decades. The congested status of penal institutions around the country tends to breed unhealthy living conditions. Also, they are often deprived of physical activities due to limited opportunities. A person deprived of liberty means a person who has been arrested, held in lawful custody, detained, or imprisoned in execution of a lawful sentence. Objectives: This study aims to determine the physical activities and the scale of physical activity satisfaction of persons deprived of liberty in Santiago City District Jail, Philippines. Methods: This descriptive study utilized a survey of 140 randomly selected detainees and face-to-face interviews with 30 randomly chosen detainees. The questionnaire is divided into three parts: respondents' profiles, physical activities, and the scale of physical activity satisfaction. The interview method validated the results of the survey. Jacob G. Beard and Mounir G. Ragheb developed the Physical Activity Satisfaction Scale. It was adopted, validated, and used to determine the inmates' physical activity level of satisfaction. Results: Findings show that most of the inmate-respondents are generally engaged in games or sports, dance, and other livelihood activities on an irregular basis . They also pronounced their satisfaction with their physical activities as they benefited from physiological, relaxational, educational, psychological, social, and aesthetic domains. Conclusion: It can be concluded that games and sports activities are moderately and positively related to physical activities' psychological and relaxational domains of the inmates.


INTRODUCTION
Across the world, the use of imprisonment as a response to crime and social disorder has been visible in the past decades. Today, over 11 million people are imprisoned worldwide (World Prison Brief, 2021). This number includes both those sentenced to imprisonment following conviction of a crime and those held in custody before trial or sentencing (Fair, Heard, & Jacobson, 2017). In other words, there is nothing unavoidable about prison population growth. According to the World Health Organization (2007), prisoners have the same right to "the greatest possible degree of physical health." One of the numerous rights they have is access to all the required facilities and activities to help them maintain their health and well-being, including participation in scheduled physical exercises while confined. In addition, the primary transformational promise of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development Goals is to "leave no one behind" (SDGs). It makes it clear that all UN Member States are committed to ending poverty in all its forms, ending discrimination and exclusion, and reducing inequalities and vulnerabilities that keep people behind and hurt their potential and the potential of humanity.
Inside these facilities, prisoners' social lives are restricted (Crewe, 2005;Wacquant, 2002), and physical exercise and sport, particularly in adult prisons, have gotten even less attention (Williams, Walker, & Stran, 2005). However, little is known about the implications of these practices for individuals on the inside, how sports and physical activities fit into the prison system, the circumstances being built, and the convicts' experiences and advantages from their involvement. Coyle (2002) says that the old books on running prisons stress the need for and benefits of physical exercise and sports for prisoners, but they don't give any directions for their growth.
Finally, in the Benefits of Selected Physical Exercise Programs in Detention, Battaglia (2013) claims that: A Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), seventy-five male subjects were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned to one of three groups: cardiovascular plus resistance training protocol (CRT) (n = 25; mean age 30.9 8.9 years), high-intensity strength training protocol (HIST) (n = 25; mean age 33.9 6.8 years), or a control group (C) (n = 25; mean age 32.9 8.9 years) that received no treatment. The effects of two alternative training programs on detained participants were evaluated using a repeated measure methodology. There was a pre-and post-experimental methodology Page 93 from 106 Phys. Educ. Sport Stud. Res. 1(2);91-106 (2022) utilized. The extensive improvements in functional capability demonstrate the enormous potential of supervised exercise treatments for improving jailed people's health.
As a result of the shift in prison function from punishment to social rehabilitation, physical exercise and sport are now part of the jail environment in the western democratic world. Prisoners are also human beings with rights, and physical activities, both recreational and educational, are essential for their development in everyday life. As stated in Section 21 of the Magna Carta for Filipino detainees: 1). If the weather allows, every prisoner not engaged in outside labor must have at least one hour of sufficient exercise in the open air each day. 2). Young prisoners and others suitable age and body physique, shall receive physical and recreational training during the period of exercise.
The researcher's goal is to involve and empower those who are marginalized and denied their freedom. Therefore, the researchers pushed for the study to be conceptualized.
As a result, this research aims to establish a physical exercise program for those who have been deprived of their liberty in the Santiago City District Jail, Santiago City, Isabela, to promote balanced and harmonious living inside the institution. It will also allow them to develop their skills and use them daily. The researcher believes that the program would help every PDL become physically fit and healthy, even if they are inside the facility.
The UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners sets the regulations for Persons deprived of Liberty. PDL is a person who has been arrested, held in lawful custody, or detained. People who are incarcerated have a right to be treated with humanity, which means they should not be forced to endure additional suffering or restraint instead of having their freedom taken away. Due to the risk factors that need to be considered and the notion of prisons, Physical Activity studies in jails around the world are very minimal. Some research focuses only on the psychological and intellectual state of the inmates. This research will reveal the status of PDL in their participation in various Physical Activities. The results of this study can be a basis for institutionalizing Physical Activity participation inside the prisons. Also, it will determine the connection between physical activity participation and the level of satisfaction of the PDL in Santiago City District Jail.

Study Design and Participants
This research utilized a descriptive type of research employing survey, interview, and observation. This approach was ideal since the data gathered described current conditions, specifically the physical activity status of the inmate. According to Calmorin and Calmorin (2010), descriptive design is concerned with the conditions of relationships that exist; practices that prevail; and beliefs that are going on. It is also defined that descriptive research is research that focuses on the present condition. In addition, Fraenkel, Wallen, & Hyun (2012) also stated that a descriptive survey involves asking the same set of questions often prepared in the form of a written questionnaire to many individuals, the target respondents in this. The researchers used stratified random sampling. The prison system is divided into different blocks and cells. Each cell has a different number of PDL.

Research Instruments
The questionnaire is divided into three parts: physical activity profile, physical activities, and the scale of physical activity satisfaction. The first part was utilized to determine their profile, such as their name, age, religion, civil status, height, weight, years in prison, and body mass index. The body mass index (BMI) was used to determine whether an individual is underweight, overweight, obese, or at a healthy weight for their height. The second part determined their participation in physical activities such as games/sports, dance activities, fitness activities, livelihood activities, and daily routine activities. Meanwhile, the third part determined their level of satisfaction with physical activity. The Satisfaction Scale was developed by Jacob G. Beard and Mounir G. Ragheb in 1980. The satisfaction scale was originally for leisure, but it was edited, revised, and validated for physical activity. It comprises six factors, or subscales: psychological, educational, social, relaxation, physiological, and aesthetic factors. The respondents will identify their frequency of participation in the different recreational activities in the questionnaire. A five-point Likert scale was used to determine their level of satisfaction. 5almost always true, 4-often true, 3-somewhat true, 2-true, 1-almost never true.
This study also used the interview method to validate their physical activities and their level of satisfaction. It measures naturally occurring phenomena. The researcher also commenced documentary analysis to determine if there were any past physical activity programs for the detainees. Phys. Educ. Sport Stud. Res. 1(2); 91-106 (2022)

Data Analysis
All data obtained from the questionnaire was encoded and analyzed in Microsoft Excel and the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Treatment includes computation of BMI. The researchers used the metric BMI formula, weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (weight in kilograms/height in meters squared). The computation of frequency, mean, standard deviation, and percent distribution, which were used in problems 1, 2, 3, and 4, and Pearson r was also used in problem 5. The interpretation of physical activity satisfaction was used in the study. Table 1 is the interpretation of physical activity satisfaction adopted from the leisure satisfaction scale made by Jacob G. Beard and Mounir G. Ragheb was used in the study. Not Satisfied (NS) 1.0-1.5 Dissatisfied (D) Source: (Beard & Ragheb, 1980)

1.
What is the profile of the detainees in Santiago City District Jail in terms of (a) age, Phys. Educ. Sport Stud. Res. 1(2); 91-106 (2022) Figure 1 shows the age of the detainees with a mean of 33.61, regarding the age range, approximately majority of the respondents is between 20 to 40 years old (77 %), and minority of the respondents is between 50 to70 years old (23 %). Hence, majority of the respondents are single Phys. Educ. Sport Stud. Res. 1(2); 91-106 (2022) between 6 to 10 years. Henceforth, majority of the respondents are somewhat new in the detention jail with 1 to 2 years of stay    In terms of physical activities, Table 4 shows that most of the respondents spend their leisure time in playing basketball with the percentage of 83.57 % (AFM=10.26; SD=11.17), they opined that this activity is the easiest and available inside the district jail.
In the words of the respondents:    In terms of fitness activities, the respondents claimed their fitness activity often through walking as shown on the They seldom execute these activities because they do not have enough facility or space for them to run and equipment such as barbells and dumbbells. We also make wallet made of recycled sachet of shampoo and coffee and needles and threads. And the common products that we merchandise when there are visitors such as pastillas, polvoron and pancakes because there are inmates assigned to cook)" 3. What is the level of physical activity satisfaction of the respondents?  Phys. Educ. Sport Stud. Res. 1(2);91-106 (2022) According to Mukiza (2014) he stated that first there was a statistically significant decrease in the rate of depression, low levels of worry, stress, boredom, anxiety, aggression, identity loss, remorse, danger associated with improvement among prisoners who regularly engaged in some form of physical activity compared to those who did not.
Second, prisoners who engaged in physical activity showed a marked improvement in their social skills and fitness levels. Third, it was revealed that prisoners who engaged in exercise on sport did so for the enjoyment, fun and the good feeling that the activity offered. He said that engagement in physical activity provides a good outlet for prisoners to think thorough some of these demands as a way of learning to adapt.

What is the relationship between the respondent's physical activities and their level
of satisfaction?
stressing that the physically active inmates is statistically significantly higher than in physically inactive inmates (p = 0.033). Self-esteem and contentment with psychological state in physically active inmates.

DISCUSSION
Based on the analysis, the respondents are generally into games or sports activities to feel relaxed and free from anxiety, stress, and depression. All indicators and domains of Phys. Educ. Sport Stud. Res. 1(2);91-106 (2022) their physical activities revealed positive feedback. It is noteworthy to mention that the following indicators gained the highest values; a) active physical activity participation, b) relaxation, c) stress relief, and d) self-development. This result was parallel to the study of Vaiculius, Kavaliauskas, & Radisaukus (2011), stressing that the physically active inmates are statistically significantly higher than physically inactive inmates. Self-esteem and contentment with the psychological state in physically active inmates. In addition, the study by Mukiza (2014) also proves that there was a significant decrease in the rates of depression, stress, boredom, anxiety, aggression, and danger associated with improvement among prisoners who regularly engaged in some form of physical activity. Findings from this study are like those of Buckaloo, Krug, & Nelson (2009), which show that exercise provides inmates with a productive way of coping with and managing stress.
Based on the domains, it gives the impression that the respondents are significantly satisfied with psychological and relaxational. Games or sports activities were found to gain the highest level of correlation with satisfaction indices. And it has a relationship to the respondents' level of satisfaction in the psychological and relaxation domains. Mukiza (2014) then revealed that prisoners who engaged in exercise and sports did so for their enjoyment and fun. Physical activity gives prisoners a good way to think and relax, which helps them learn how to adapt.

CONCLUSION
The results show a great realization for the respondents in participating in physical activities, especially in games or sports. Also, the respondents are motivated to participate in physical activities because it helps them relax, relieve themselves from anxiety, stress, and depression, restore, and be physically fit. The respondents are generally engaged in various physical activities but on an irregular basis and reasonably delighted in their participation in physical activities, especially in the psychological and relaxation domains.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The researchers humbly express their profound gratitude before Almighty Father and to several people who helped her and made it possible for her to complete this thesis.
They believe that the following are worthy for this acknowledgement: Prof. Roldan S. Cardona, thesis adviser, for his most committed, credible, and untiring effort in assisting the authors to make this work into realization. Phys. Educ. Sport Stud. Res. 1(2);91-106 (2022) Prof. Madonna C. Gonzales, faculty of Philippine Normal University, North Luzon Campus Alicia Isabela, who also served as consultant and expert validator.
Mr. Bryan Carlo Responso, whose expertise in statistics have been employed, taking the time and interest in helping to understand the statistical analysis of this study.
BPEHE Batch 2018, whose drive and support forced the researchers to retain the energy to finish this study.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author hereby declares that this research is free from conflicts of interest with any party.