Impact of large-scale social restrictions on air quality (NO₂, CO, O₃) during COVID-19: Surabaya case study, Indonesia
Downloads
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic galvanized the world at the end of 2019. It was identified as an attack on humans and spread very quickly almost all over the world. As the person in charge of protecting the community, the government makes a policy that can suppress the spread of the COVID-19 virus.
Objectives: This study aims to determine whether implementing large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) in the COVID-19 period (2020 to 2021) impacts air quality in Surabaya City, East Java.
Methods: This quantitative research uses an Analysis of Secondary Data (ADS) approach by utilizing secondary data as the primary source. This research was conducted at the Surabaya City Environmental Service, East Java Province, in July - August 2021, with the total population being all the results of NO2, O3, and CO air quality measurements in 2020-2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020 to December 2021 at monitoring stations in Surabaya City. This study uses Wilcoxon test analysis.
Results: The results showed that implementing the first phase of large-scale social restrictions had no significant impact on NO₂ air quality in Surabaya City (p = 0.068). Implementing the transitional PSBB (second stage) had no significant impact on NO₂ air quality in Surabaya City (p = 0.068). Implementing the first and second phases of the PSBB has no significant impact on NO₂ air quality in Surabaya City (p = 0.173).
Conclusions: The implementation of PSBB Phase One and PSBB Phase Two (transition period) did not significantly impact the air quality of NO2, CO, or O3 gases in Surabaya City. This finding challenges the common assumption that lockdowns automatically improve air quality and emphasizes the need for more comprehensive environmental policies.
Angelia, G. C., Akili, R. H., & Maddusa, S. S. (2019). Analisis kualitas udara ambien Karbon Monoksida (CO) dan Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) dibeberapa titik kemacetan di Kota Manado. KESMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Sam Ratulangi, 8(6), 378-387. https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/kesmas/article/view/25623
Anugerah, A. R., Muttaqin, P. S., & Purnama, D. A. (2021). Effect of large-scale social restriction (PSBB) during COVID-19 on outdoor air quality: Evidence from five cities in DKI Jakarta Province, Indonesia. Environmental Research, 197, 111164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111164
Azizah, R., Sulistyorini, L., Martini, S., & Talib Latif, M. (2021). Analisis Dampak Lockdown pada Polutan Udara Utama di Era Pandemi COVID-19: Literature Review. Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan SUARA FORIKES (Journal of Health Research Forikes Voice), 12(0), 183–189. https://doi.org/10.33846/sf12nk235
Barnes, P. W., Robson, T. M., Zepp, R. G., Bornman, J. F., Jansen, M. A. K., Ossola, R., ... & Paul, N. D. (2023). Interactive effects of changes in UV radiation and climate on terrestrial ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and feedbacks to the climate system. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 22(5), 1049-1091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-023-00376-7
Bocci, V. (2011). OZONE A New Medical Drug. Springer Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3140-8
El‐Sayed, S. Z., Van Dijken, G. L., & Gonzalez‐Rodas, G. (1996). Effects of ultraviolet radiation on marine ecosystems. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 51(3), 199-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207239608711081
Hale, Z. E., Singhal, A., & Hsia, R. Y. (2018). Causes of shortness of breath in the acute patient: a national study. Academic Emergency Medicine, 25(11), 1227-1234. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13448
Indriyaningtyas, S., Hasandy, L. R., & Dewantoro, B. E. B. (2021). Dinamika Konsentrasi Emisi Gas Karbon Monoksida (Co) Selama Periode Psbb Menggunakan Komputasi Berbasis Cloud Pada Google Earth Engine. Majalah Ilmiah Globe, 23(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.24895/mig.2021.23-1.1258
Irawan, A., Riyandini, V. L., & Widyastuti, N. (2021). Analisis Kualitas Udara Karbonmonoksida (Co) di Kota Padang Akibat Kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) dengan Metode AQMS. Cived, 8(3), 141-145.
Keller, C. A., Evans, M. J., Knowland, K. E., Hasenkopf, C. A., Modekurty, S., Lucchesi, R. A., Oda, T., Franca, B. B., Mandarino, F. C., Suarez, M. V. D., Ryan, R. G., Fakes, L. H., & Pawson, S. (2020). Global impact of COVID-19 restrictions on the surface concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and ozone. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2020, 1-32. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2008.01127
Lian, X., Huang, J., Huang, R., Liu, C., Wang, L., & Zhang, T. (2020). Impact of city lockdown on the air quality of COVID-19-hit of Wuhan city. Science of the Total Environment, 742, 140556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140556
Nakada, L. Y. K., & Urban, R. C. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on the air quality during the partial lockdown in São Paulo state, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment, 730, 139087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139087
Nugroho, A. D. (2020). Pengaruh pandemik covid-19 terhadap kualitas udara di beberapa kota besar di indonesia memanfaatkan data permodelan cuaca. Jurnal Widya Climago, 2(2). https://e-journal.pusdiklat.bmkg.go.id/index.php/climago/article/view/29/23
Pandey, S. K., & Singh, J. (2021). Nitrogen dioxide: Risk assessment, environmental, and health hazard. In Hazardous Gases (pp. 273-288). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-89857-7.00001-3
Romansyah, M. (2019). Analisis Korelasi Karbon Monoksida (Co) dan Particullate Metter (Pm1 0) Dengan Kendaraan Bermotor Dan Faktor Yang Berhubungan (Studi Kasus Pasar Induk Tradisional Bojonegoro). Disertasi, UIN Sunan Ampel, 5.
Sacchi, R., Bauer, C., Cox, B., & Mutel, C. (2022). When, where and how can the electrification of passenger cars reduce greenhouse gas emissions?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 162, 112475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112475
Suryani, A. I. (2020). Strategi Komunikasi Interpersonal Kepala Desa Dalam Menyosialisasikan Bantuan Sosial Kepada Masyarakat Di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19 Di Desa Sei Rotan (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara).
Tobías, A., Carnerero, C., Reche, C., Massagué, J., Via, M., Minguillón, M. C., Alastuey, A., & Querol, X. (2020). Changes in air quality during the lockdown in Barcelona (Spain) one month into the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Science of the Total Environment, 726, 138540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138540
Togatorop, J. P. E., Perdana, A. R., Firdaush, R. B., Wulandari, I. P., & Saputra, A. H. (2023). Analisis Dampak Pemberlakuan PSBB Total Pertama terhadap Kualitas Udara NO2 dan CO di DKI Jakarta Menggunakan Citra Sentinel-5P. Jurnal Aplikasi Meteorologi, 2(1), 33-44. https://jurnal.stmkg.ac.id/index.php/jam/article/view/357
Zahro, S. H. (2020). Study Literature Review : The Effect of Lockdown on the Covid19 Pandemic Period on Air Quality. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, 12(1si), 11. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v12i1si.2020.11-20
Zangari, S., Hill, D. T., Charette, A. T., & Mirowsky, J. E. (2020). Air quality changes in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic. Science of the Total Environment, 742, 140496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140496
Copyright (c) 2025 Asmaul Nur Fitria, Supriyadi Supriyadi, Muhammad Al-Irsyad, Anindya Hapsari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
